In September, the production of cereals, legumes and oilseeds estimated for 2025 should add up to 341.9 million tonnes, 16.8% higher than that obtained in 2024 (292.7 million tonnes), with an increase of 49.2 million tonnes, and 0.2% above that reported in August, with an increase of 660.9 thousand tonnes. The next release of the LSPA, on November 13, will bring the first forecast for the 2026 harvest.

The area to be harvested is 81.4 million hectares, a growth of 3.0% compared to the area harvested in 2024, with an increase of 2.4 million hectares, and an increase of 0.1% (102.7 thousand hectares) in relation to August.

Rice, corn and soybeans are the three main products in this group, which, together, represent 92.6% of the estimated production and account for 88.0% of the area to be harvested. In relation to the previous year, there was an increase of 4.8% in the area to be harvested of upland cottonseed; 11.3% for paddy rice; 3.6% for soybeans; 3.8% for corn (5.3% decline in corn - 1st crop and 6.4% growth in corn - 2nd crop); and 11.4% for sorghum; with declines of 5.5% in beans and 18.5% in wheat.

Concerning the production, there were increases of 10.6% for upland cottonseed; 17.2% for paddy rice; 14.4% for soybeans; 20.7% for corn (growth of 14.0% for corn - 1st crop and 22.4% for corn 2nd crop); 24.8% for sorghum; 3.6% for wheat; and for beans, there was a decrease of 0.5%.

The September´s estimate for soybeans was 165.9 million tonnes. As for corn, the estimate was 138.4 million tonnes (26.1 million tonnes of corn - 1st crop and 112.3 million tonnes of corn - 2nd crop). The production of paddy rice was estimated at 12.4 million tonnes; that of wheat at 7.8 million tonnes; that of upland cottonseed at 9.8 million tonnes; and that of sorghum at 5.0 million tonnes.

The estimated production of cereals, legumes and oilseeds showed a positive annual change for the Central-West (21.6%), South (9.5%), Southeast (16.8%), Northeast (8.3%) and North (22.5%) Regions. As for the monthly change, there were increases in production in the North Region (1.3%), the South (0.1%), the Central-West (0.2%) and the Southeast (0.1%). The Northeast Region showed a decline (-0.3%).

Mato Grosso leads as the largest national grain producer, with a share of 32.4%, followed by Paraná (13.5%), Goiás (11.3%), Rio Grande do Sul (9.4%), Mato Grosso do Sul (7.4%) and Minas Gerais (5.5%), which, together, represented 79.5% of the total. Regarding regional participation, there is the following distribution: Central-West (51.4%), South (25.1%), Southeast (8.8%), Northeast (8.2%) and North (6.5%).

Highlights of the September 2025 estimate compared to the previous month

In relation to August, there were increases in the production estimates for tomatoes (4.3% or 189,710 t), coffea canephora (4.2% or 49,513 t), upland cottonseed (3.7% or 351,683 t), beans - 2nd crop (3.2% or 40,096 t), barley (1.7% or 9,600 t), cassava (1.2% or 253,320 t), wheat (1.0% or 76,602 t), beans - 3rd crop (0.8% or 6,565 t), corn - 2nd crop (0.3% or 352,880 t), corn - 1st crop (0.2% or 61,573 t), sorghum (0.1% or 4,717 t), rice (0.0% or 2 151 t), as well as declines in beans - 1st crop (-4.6% or -47,633 t), oat (-1.9% or -25,475 t), coffee arabica (-0.8% or 17,010 t) and soybeans (-0.0% or -26,380 t).

Among the Major Regions, the volume of the production of cereals, legumes and oilseeds presented the following distribution: Central-West, 175.7 million tonnes (51.4%); South, 85.8 million tonnes (25.1%); Southeast, 30.1 million tonnes (8.8%), Northeast, 28.0 million tonnes (8.2%) and North, 22.3 million tonnes (6.5%).

The main positive absolute changes in the production estimates, in relation to the previous month, occurred in Mato Grosso (258,551 t), in Tocantins (186,787 t), in Paraná (122,600 t), in Rondônia (86,757 t), in Goiás (69,470 t), in Sergipe (48,701 t), in Minas Gerais (37,130 t), in Roraima (13 253 t) and in Rio de Janeiro (134 t). The negative variations occurred in Bahia (-43,325 t), in Ceará (-39,757 t), in Maranhão (-37,141 t), in Rio Grande do Sul (-28,785 t), in Acre (-4,826 t), in Pernambuco (-2,909 t), in Pará (-2,577 t), in Rio Grande do Norte (-1,563 t), in Espírito Santo (-1 353 t) and in Alagoas (-265 t). 

UPLAND COTTONSEED – The estimate for the production cotton is 9.8 million tonnes. In relation to the previous month, there was a 3.7% increase in the production estimate, due to the higher productivity measured with the completion of the harvest (4.0%). The production estimate was 10.6% higher than the production obtained in 2024, with increases of 4.9% in the planted area and of 5.5% in productivity. Just like in 2023 and 2024, in 2025 we will have a new production record.

Mato Grosso, the largest Brazilian producer, with 73.0% of the national total, showed a production of 7.2 million tonnes, a growth of 6.2% compared to the previous month. Good volumes of rainfall in the first months of 2025 increased the productive potential of crops.

COFFEE (beans) - The Brazilian production, considering the two species, arabica and canephora, was estimated at 3.4 million tonnes, or 57.3 million 60-kg sacks, an increase of 1.0% in relation to the previous month, due to the 1.4% growth in the average yield, while the area to be harvested declined 0.4%. For coffea arabica, the estimated production was 2.2 million tonnes or 36.7 million 60-kg sacks, a decline of 0.8% compared to the previous month, with the average yield and harvested area reduced by 0.4% and 0.3%, respectively. For the 2025 harvest, negative biennial bearings are expected, that is, a natural decline in production, due to the physiological characteristics of the species, which in even-numbered years tend to produce more, sacrificing the following year's production, as a result of greater plant depletion. The 2025 coffee harvest is also reflecting the climate problems in the main producing Federation Units, notably the lack of rainfall and excess of heat, during the second semester of 2024, which is the reason why it started with a relatively lower production potential.

The decline in production in September was mainly due to Bahia, which reduced its estimate of coffea arabica production by 19.4%, due to declines of 3.6% in the area to be harvested and of 16.4% in the average yield. The production in Bahia should reach 88.8 thousand tonnes or 1.5 million 60-kg sacks. Production increases were seen in Espírito Santo, of 1.1% or 2.1 thousand tonnes more; in Rio de Janeiro (9.9% or 2.2 thousand tonnes) and in Paraná (0.4% or 200 tonnes). Producers have reported that in the most recent harvests, there is a need for a greater quantity of beans to fill a 60-kg sack of coffee, as a result of less efficient grain filling. Minas Gerais production is expected to reach 1.5 million tonnes or 25.7 million 60-kg sacks, a decline of 7.5% compared to the volume harvested in 2024. The planted area and the area to be harvested showed declines of 1.1%, while the average yield was 6.5% lower. São Paulo, the second largest producer, with a 13.4% share, was expected to harvest 294.0 thousand tonnes or 4.9 million 60-kg sacks, while Espírito Santo, the third largest Brazilian producer, with a share of 8.7% of the total, showed an estimate of 191.6 thousand tonnes or 3.2 million 60-kg sacks.

For coffea canephora, the production estimate was 1.2 million tonnes or 20.6 million 60-kg sacks, an increase of 4.2% in relation to the previous month, and a growth of 20.7% in relation to the volume produced in 2024, with increases of 3.1% in the area to be harvested and of 17.1% in the average yield in the latter comparison. The estimated production for coffea canephora in 2025 is a record in the IBGE time series.

As the prices of conilon were showing good profitability, producers invested more in cultural treatments and fertilization, which resulted in improved productivity. It should also be noted that rainfall volumes in the main producing municipalities were generally satisfactory, despite the delay in some cases.

In September, Rondônia recorded an increase of 2.1% in its production, with increases of 2.0% in the average yield and of 0.1% in the harvested area. The State is the second largest producer of coffea canephora in Brazil, accounting for 13.3% of the total, with emphasis on the cultivation of robusta. The production should reach 164.3 thousand tonnes or 2.7 million 60-kg sacks. Espírito Santo, the largest Brazilian producer of coffea canephora (conilon), with a share of 69.0% in the total, also reevaluated its production, reporting a growth of 5.4% in relation to August. Production should reach 852.8 thousand tonnes or 14.2 million 60-kg sacks.

Bahia's production estimate should reach 172.8 thousand tonnes or 2.9 million 60-kg sacks, an increase of 1.1% in relation to the previous month and of 19.3% in relation to the volume produced in 2024, with the average yield growing by 21.7% and the harvested area declining by 2.0% in the latter comparison. Acre reported an increase of 9.4% in its production, when compared to August, having grown 74.2% in relation to the volume harvested in 2024. 

WINTER CEREALS (in grain) – The main winter cereals produced in Brazil are wheat, white oat and barley. For wheat (grain), the estimated production reached 7.8 million tonnes, an increase of 1.0% compared to the previous month and a growth of 3.6% compared to 2024. The average yield, in the monthly comparison, increased by 0.9%, while the area to be harvested increased by 0.1%. Compared to the previous year, the planted area and the area to be harvested decreased by 18.5% and the yield increased by 27.1%.

The South Region should account for 85.4% of the Brazilian wheat production. In Rio Grande do Sul, the Brazilian main producer, with 46.6% of the national total, the production was expected to reach 3.6 million tonnes, a decline of 0.2% in relation to August and of 1.6% in relation to the volume harvested in the previous year, due to the smaller cultivated area (-13.7%), although the average yield showed a growth of 14.1%. In Paraná, the second largest Brazilian wheat producer, with a 34.3% share of the total, the production was estimated at 2.7 million tonnes, an increase of 2.1% compared to August and of 13.4% compared to the volume harvested in the previous year, when the production was severely affected by weather problems. In this last comparison, the planted area showed a decline of 28.0%, while the average yield was growing 57.5%. Production in Santa Catarina was expected to reach 347.3 thousand tonnes, a decline of 18.5% compared to the previous year, with the area to be harvested declining by 19.4% and the average yield growing by 1.1%.

The production of oat (in grain) was estimated at 1.3 million tonnes, a decline of 1.9% compared to the previous month, though a growth of 25.0% in relation to the volume harvested in 2024. The average yield, of 2,305 kg/ha, declined 1.8% compared to the previous month, while the harvested area decreased 0.1% in that comparison. In relation to the previous year, the average yield and the area to be harvested were showing increases of 11.8%. The largest producers of the cereal are Rio Grande do Sul, with 978.7 thousand tonnes, a decline of 1.2% compared to August and an increase of 21.0% compared to the volume harvested in 2024; and Paraná, with 221.7 thousand tonnes, a decline of 4.3% compared to August and a growth of 33.2% compared to 2024, with the average yield showing a growth of 26.8%, compared to that obtained in the previous year, being expected to reach 2,221 kg/ha. The production in Santa Catarina was expected to reach 49.5 thousand tonnes, a decline of 0.6% compared to 2024.

For barley (grain), the estimated production was 567.0 thousand tonnes, an increase of 1.7% in relation to the previous month and of 36.2% in relation to the volume produced in 2024. The planted area showed a growth of 17.8%, while yield, an increase of 15.6% in the annual comparison. The largest barley producers were Paraná, with 449.4 thousand tonnes, a growth of 2.2% compared to August and of 56.5% compared to 2024, being expected to participate with 79.3% in the Brazilian harvest in 2025; and Rio Grande do Sul, with a production of 95.0 thousand tonnes, a decline of 12.9% in relation to the volume produced in 2024. Rio Grande do Sul production should represent 16.8% of the total barley produced in 2025.

BEAN (seed) – The estimate for the production of beans, considering these three crops, should reach 3.1 million tonnes, a decline of 0.5% in relation to the volume produced in 2024. In relation to the previous month, the production was reduced by 972.0 tonnes. Considering the Major Regions, there were drops in bean production estimates in the month in the Northeast (-3.1%), the Southeast (-0.3%) and the South (-1.9%), while there was growth in the Central-West (2.8%) and the North (9.9%). This production must meet the Brazilian domestic consumption in 2025, with no need, in principle, to import the product. Paraná was the largest national producer of beans, forecasting a production of 841.0 thousand tonnes or 27.3% share, followed by Minas Gerais with 474.2 thousand tonnes or 15.4% share and Goiás with 373.6 thousand tonnes or 12.1% share. Beans represented 0.9% of the entire production of cereals, legumes and oilseeds, occupying 3.3% of the total cultivated area, approximately 2.7 million hectares.

• The estimate for the first crop of beans was 995.5 thousand tonnes, representing 32.3% of the national participation among the three harvests, being 4.6% lower compared to the August survey. In this comparison, there was a 0.1% growth in the harvested area and a 4.6% drop in the average yield.
• The main declines in September, in relation to the previous month, were observed in the production estimates in Pará (-1.6%), Ceará (-13.0%), Rio Grande do Norte (-14.9%), Pernambuco (-13.8%), Paraná (-11.0%) and Rondônia (-0.1%). Production growth was seen in Roraima (18.3%), Tocantins (39.8%), Goiás (2.5%) and Espírito Santo (0.1%).

The second crop of beans was estimated at 1.3 million tonnes, corresponding to a 41.7% share among the three harvests. In comparison with the month of August, there was a 3.2% increase in the production estimate, justified by a growth of 0.3% in the average yield and of 2.8% in the harvested area. In relation to the volume harvested in the previous year, the estimate was 7.9% lower, with declines of 6.7% in the estimated area to be harvested and of 1.3% in the average yield. In the South Region, Paraná was the largest Brazilian producer of beans in this harvest, with an estimate of 538.6 thousand tonnes and a 41.9% share of the national total. In relation to the previous month, the production estimate showed an increase of 3.2%, due to the 0.8% reduction in the average yield and the 4.1% growth in the harvested area. In relation to the volume harvested in 2024, the production in Paraná was expected to decline 19.0%, reflecting the same percentage drop in the area to be harvested.

In the Central-West Region, Mato Grosso increased its estimate in September, and expected to harvest 166.0 thousand tonnes, an increase of 2.2% in relation to August and of 36.5% in relation to the volume harvested in the same harvest in 2024, mainly due to the increase in the area to be harvested, of 35.1%. In Goiás, the production estimate was also reevaluated, and it expected to reach 18.3 thousand tonnes, an increase of 51.4% in relation to the previous month, though a decline of 58.2% in relation to the volume produced in the second harvest of 2024. Mato Grosso do Sul was expected to produce 9.9 thousand tonnes, a decline of 9.9% compared to the same volume produced in 2024. In the Southeast Region, Minas Gerais was also an important producer of beans in this harvest, with an estimated 169.0 thousand tonnes of the product and a share of 13.1% in the total of this harvest. Minas Gerais production was estimated to have grown by 1.0% in September, when compared to the previous month, and an increase of 1.3% in relation to the volume produced in the 2024 harvest.

In relation to beans - 3rd crop, the production estimate for September was 803.5 thousand tonnes, an increase of 0.8% compared to August, though a decline of 0.8% compared to 2024. The estimated production in Goiás was 259.5 thousand tonnes, a growth of 2.1% compared to the previous month and of 14.7% compared to the volume produced in this harvest in 2024. Mato Grosso raised its production estimate by 2.2% compared to the previous month, with 184.2 thousand tonnes, an increase of 20.9% compared to the same volume produced in the 2024 harvest. Minas Gerais (-1.9%) and Espírito Santo (-0.1%) showed a reduction in the production estimates in relation to the previous month.

CASSAVA (roots) – The production should reach 20.6 million tonnes, an increase of 1.2% compared to the previous month and a growth of 7.9% in relation to the volume produced in 2024, with increases of 4.8% in the area to be harvested and of 3.0% in the average yield. The biggest growth in the production in relation to the previous month was reported by Roraima (5.4%), Pará (1.0%), Rio Grande do Norte (70.6%) and Minas Gerais (11.7%), while declines were seen in Pernambuco (-0.4%) and Espírito Santo (-0.2%). Pará was the largest Brazilian producer of cassava roots, with 4.3 million tonnes and a 21.0% share in the national total, followed by Paraná, with 4.3 million tonnes, a 20.7% share in the total, as well as São Paulo, with 1.5 million tonnes, a 7.5% share, and Mato Grosso do Sul, with 1.4 million tonnes, a 6.8% share.

CORN (grain) - The estimated production of corn was 138.4 million tonnes, a record in the IBGE time series, with a growth of 0.3% in relation to the previous month and of 20.7% in relation to the volume produced in 2024. The area to be harvested increased by 0.2% and the average yield increased by 0.1% in the monthly comparison, and it should reach 6,246 kg/ha. In 2024, the production of this cereal was affected by climate problems in several producing Federation Units, though it recovered in 2025, due to the rainier climate, which benefited crops.

Corn - 1st crop represented a production of 26.1 million tonnes, an increase of 0.2% in relation to August and of 14.0% in relation to the volume produced in the same months in 2024. The harvested area, in the current harvest, fell 5.3%, to 4.4 million hectares, while the yield grew 20.4%, to 5,898 kg/ha, due to the climate, which benefited crops in most of the producing Federation Units. The estimate grew in all the Brazilian regions: North (23.4%), Northeast (10.6%), Southeast (4.4%), South (21.6%) and Central-West (10.0%). The positive highlights in September were the increases in the estimates for Minas Gerais (2.2%), Goiás (0.6%), Rio de Janeiro (1.6%), Rondônia (0.4%) and Paraná (0.1%). The production in Tocantins (-2.1%), Maranhão (-0.5%), Ceará (-6.5%), Rio Grande do Norte (-1.6%), Pernambuco (-2.3%) and Espírito Santo (-2.9%) declined. Rio Grande do Sul was the largest Brazilian producer of corn - 1st crop, with a share of 20.3% and an estimated production of 5.3 million tonnes, 17.3% higher than the volume produced in the previous year. In Minas Gerais, the second largest producer of corn - 1st crop in Brazil, the production was expected to reach 4.4 million tonnes, an increase of 2.2% compared to the previous month and of 6.0% compared to the volume produced in 2024, with a growth of 3.4% in the area to be harvested and of 2.6% in the average yield.

As for the production of corn - 2nd crop, it showed a growth of 0.3% in relation to the previous month and of 22.4% in relation to the volume produced in the same months in 2024, reaching 112.3 million tonnes, a record estimate in the IBGE time series. In relation to August, there were increases of 0.2% in the area to be harvested and of 0.1% in the average yield. As for the previous year, there was a growth of 6.4% in the area to be harvested and of 15.0% in the average yield. The climate benefited the crops of the second harvest, with greater availability of rainfall, especially in the Central-West Region.

Mato Grosso was the largest Brazilian corn producer in the second harvest, accounting for 48.5% of the total. The production should reach 54.4 million tonnes, a growth of 0.3% compared to August and of 14.6% compared to the volume harvested in 2024. Paraná was the second largest Brazilian producer of corn - 2nd crop, accounting for 15.5% of the total. Production should reach 17.4 million tonnes, a growth of 0.2% compared to August and of 38.3% compared to the previous year. Goiás was the third largest producer of corn - 2nd crop, accounting for 12.9% of the national total. Production should reach 14.5 million tonnes, increases of 0.2% compared to August and of 23.6% compared to the previous year, with increases of 10.8% in the area to be harvested and of 11.6% in average yield. Mato Grosso do Sul, the fourth largest Brazilian producer of corn - 2nd crop, estimated a production of 11.1 million tonnes, an increase of 42.9% compared to the volume produced in 2024, when the state faced one of the worst droughts in recent years and had its corn production compromised. There were positive changes in production in relation to the previous month also in Rondônia (3.6%), Tocantins (1.6%), Maranhão (0.3%), Sergipe (4.8%) and Paraná (0.2%), and negative ones in Acre (-11.1%), Pernambuco (-2.0%) and Minas Gerais (-0.6%). 

SOYBEANS (in grain) – The national production of this oilseed was expected to reach a new record in the time series in 2025, adding up to 165.9 million tonnes, an increase of 14.4% compared to the amount obtained in the previous year. In this survey, there were few reevaluations in relation to the previous month, with an increase of 0.1% in the harvested area, and a 0.1% drop in the average yield, keeping the quantity produced stable. The monthly adjustments made in Tocantins (2.7%) and Mato Grosso (-0.3%) stood out.
(-0,3%). Current projections indicate a historical harvest, driven by favorable weather conditions in most of the Brazilian producing regions, and by the expansion of the planted area. However, there were climate problems that reduced the productivity of soybean crops in the west of Paraná, south of Mato Grosso do Sul and, mainly, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which estimated a drop of 25.2% compared to the last harvest. Even though there was a delay in sowing in September 2024, in the major states, regular rainfall from October to December allowed the good development of crops in most of the producing Federation Units.

TOMATOES -The production estimate of tomatoes for September was 4.7 million tonnes, indicating an increase of 4.3% compared to August and a drop of 0.4% compared to that produced in the 2024 harvest. In the monthly comparison, the variation was characterized by the drop in the areas, planted and harvested, in percentages equal to 0.2% each, justified by less attractive prices in mid-2025. However, it was the average yield gain of 4.4% that was responsible for boosting production. The average yield for the period was 74,977 kg/ha. In the annual comparison, falls were observed, both in the average yield (-0.9%), and in the planted area (-0.2%), despite a certain expansion in the harvested area (0.5%).

Goiás was the largest national producer of tomatoes, with a production of 1.6 million tonnes of the fruit, or 35.0% of the national total. São Paulo and Minas Gerais came next with 23.2% and 12.0%, respectively. Tomato cultivation is important on the national scene in terms of production, generation of employment and income, as well as of consumption, characterized by being quite technified.

In the monthly comparison, there were increases in production in the Central-West, reaching 12.8% and, in the Northeast, reaching 0.6%. In the Central-West, the increase was due to the average yield gain of 13.6%, which occurred basically in Goiás, which expanded the production by 13.1%, despite the slight reduction in the harvested area (-0.7%). Mato Grosso recorded a 0.4% increase in production, also due to a better average yield. In the Northeast, positive changes in the production occurred in Pernambuco (2.3%), Alagoas (0.1%) and Ceará (0.3%), due to the expansion of the harvested area (0.6%). In the North and Southeast, there was a reduction in production, respectively 1.2% and 0.1%. In the North, what caused the fall was the lower average yield (-2.8%), while in the Southeast, the smaller area influenced the result (-0.2%). In the South, all variables investigated showed stability in the comparison.