• Highlights

• The three municipalities with the highest employment population ratio were Fernando de Noronha/PE (82.9%), Vila Maria/RS (78.4%) and Serra Nova Dourada/MT (78.2%), with rates above the average for Brazil (53.5%) and its five Major Regions: North (48.4%), Northeast (45.6%), Southeast (56.0%), South (60.3%) and Central West (59.7%).
• In 2022, the highest figures for employment-population ratio by age group were of persons aged 35 to 39 (72.8%) and the lowest, of persons aged 14 to 17 (11.1%). Among senior adults (65 years of age and over) the indicator was 14.9%.
• The employment population ratio for men surpassed that for women in all age groups. For persons aged 35 to 39, figures were 82.6% for men and 63.6% for women.
• The level of schooling of employed women remained higher than that of employed men: 28.9% versus 17.3%, with a higher education degree.
• Among the 21 activities classified by the 2022 Census, female participation was higher in Domestic work (93.1%), Human health and social services (77.1%) and Education (75.3%). The lowest ones were Construction (3.6%), Transportation, storage and mailing (9.3%) and Mining and quarrying industry (14.4%).
• In 520 (or 9.3%) of the 5,571 municipalities in the country, earnings from work did not reach a minimum wage (R$1,212). On the other hand, in 19 municipalities, this indicator exceeded four minimum wages (R$ 4,848).
• The three municipalities with the lowest minimum earnings from work, in 2022, were Cachoeira Grande/MA (R$ 759), Caraúbas do Piauí/PI (R$ 788) and Mulungu do Morro/BA (R$ 805). The highest earnings were found in Nova Lima/MG (R$ 6,929), São Caetano do Sul/SP (6,167) and Santana de Parnaíba/SP (R$ 6,081).
• In 2022, whereas more than one third (35.3%) of workers in Brazil earned up to a minimum wage (R$ 1,212/month), only 7.6% of them earned more than five. Regardless of their level of schooling, employed men had higher monthly earnings than employed women. The biggest difference was found in higher education: R$ 7,347 for men and R$ 4,591 for women.
• White and Asian persons had the highest earnings from work. That was observed for all the level of schoolings analyzed. The biggest difference was found in higher education: Asian (R$ 8,411), White (R$ 6,547), Brown (R$ 4,559), Black (R$ 4,175), Indigeous (R$ 3,799).
• In 2022, per capita monthly earnings of the population had reached R$ 1,638. The five The leading municipalities were Nova Lima/MG (R$ 4,300), São Caetano do Sul/SP (R$ 3,885), Florianópolis/SC (R$ 3,636), Balneário Camboriú/SC (R$ 3,584) and Niterói/RJ (R$ 3,577). The lowest earnings were those of Uiramutã/RR (R$ 289), Bagre/PA and Manari/PE (both with R$ 359), Belágua/MA (R$ 388) and Cachoeira Grande/MA (R$ 389).
• Per capita household earnings of Asian (R$ 3,520) and white (R$ 2,207) people surpassed that of the Black (R$ 1,198), brown (R$ 1,190) and Indigenous (R$ 669) population.
• Considering income classes in terms of minimum wage, 13.3% of the Brazilian population had average per capita household earnings of up to ¼ of a minimum wage.
• By color or race, the proportion of persons with per capita household earnings of up to ¼ of a minimum wage is lower among Asians (6.6%) and white persons (8.7%) and higher for black (14.9%), brown (17.0%) and Indigenous (41.0%) persons.

The IBGE releases, today, the 2022 Census publication on Labor and Income, which presents indicators such as employment-population ratio, earnings from work and education attainment of the employed population in Brazil, Federation Units and municipalities. The 2022 Census also provides more detailed results than PNAD on labor activities and age groups, besides presenting information on the five analyzed groups of color or race: Asian, white, black, brown and Indigenous. 

For one same geography, there are results on per capita household earnings and one's contribution to the total earnings of residents, among other indicators. These data were collected through the 2022 Census Sample Questionnaire, answered by about 10% of the households in Brazil and 7.8 million interviews. The results are available on the IBGE website, in SIDRA tables and cartograms and in the Census Overview interactive maps.

Fernando de Noronha (PE) has highest employment-population ratio in the country: 82.9%

The employment population ratio is an indicator that measures the proportion of employed persons in the total population 14 years of age and over. Based on data from the 2022 Census sample, it is possible to calculate this indicator for each of the 5,571 municipalities in the country. The three municipalities with the highest employment-population ratio figures were Fernando de Noronha/PE (82.9%), Vila Maria/RS (78.4%) and Serra Nova Dourada/MT (78.2%). These percentages are significantly higher then the average employment-population ratio in Brazil (53.5%) and in each one of the five Major Regions: North (48.4%), Northeast (45.6%), Southeast (56.0%), South (60.3%) and Central West (59.7%).

Employment population ratio of men (62.9%) surpasses that of women (44.9%)

The difference in employment population ratio figures between the sexes remainded significant in 2022, with percentages of 62.9% for men and 44.9% for women. Results by color or race show similarities in white, black, Asian and brown categories: the employment population ratio of men changed from 64.6% (black) to 61.3% (brown) and that of women, from 47.4% (white) to 42.1% (brown). The Indigenous population reached a lower ratio, for both men (48.1%) and women (30.8%).

The age group 35 to 39 has the highest  employment population ratio: 72.8%

In 2022, the highest employment population ratio by age group in the country was that of persons 35 to 39 years of age (72.8%), and it decreased continuously up to 14.9% in the group aged 65 and over. In all age groups, the employment population ratio of men was higher than that of women. In the population aged 35 to 39, the employment population ratio of men reached 82.6% and that of women, 63.6%.

The employment population ratio of persons aged 14 to 17 was 13.2%, for men, and 9.0%, for women. According to the Brazilian law, teenagers aged 16 or 17 years of age are allowed to work, except in activities that are dangerous to their health, security or morality. Teenagers aged 14 or 15, on the other hand, are allowed to work as apprentices only. 

28.9% of female workers have a higher education degree, versus 17.3% of male ones

In 2022, the female employed population had reached a higher level of schooling than that of male workers. Whereas 28.9% of the employed women had a higher education degree, among employed men the percentage was 17.3%. On the other hand, 43.8% of employed men had not finished high school versus 29.7% of women. 

Among groups with lower level of schooling, male representativeness was also higher: 17.4% of men had incomplete secondary education, versus 13.5% of women and 26.4% of them had incomplete primary education, versus 16.2% of employed women. 

More than half (52.1%) of the employed population have a higher education degree

Considering color or race, employed persons classified as indigenous (34.7%), black (27.0%) and brown (26.0%) recorded the higheste percentages of employed persons without complete primary education. The opposite extreme shos more than half of the Asian employed persons (52.1%), and almost one third of the white employed population (30.7%), had a higher education degree. 

60.8% of science professionals and intellectuals are women

Although women's participation in the country's employed population is below 50% (43,6%), women surpassed men in three of the ten main employment groups analyzed: Science professionals and intellectuals (60.8), Administrative support workers  (64.9) and Service workers and salespeople in trade abd markets (58.9%). On the other hand, in two major groups female participation was below 10%: Plant and machine operators and assemblers (7.4%) and Members of armed corps, police officers and the military (9.3%).

The Population Census allows us to detail male and female participation in th 21 occupational activities: Domestic work had the biggest female participation (93.1%), followed by human health and social services (77.1%), Education (75.3%), Other services activities (66.8%), and Lodging and feeding  (61.2%). The segments with smaller female representativeness were Construction (3.6%), Transportation, storage and mailing (9.3%) and mining and quarrying industry (14.4%).

In 9.3% of the municipalities, average earnings from work were below one minimum wage

In 520 of the 5,571 municipalities in the country, or 9.3% of the total, the monthly average nominal  earnings of employed persons was below a minimum wage (R$1,212). On the other hand, in 19 municipalities, this indicator exceeded R$ 4,848, that is, more than four minimum wages.

The ten municipalities with the lowest monthly earnings from work were found in the Northeast, and the lowest figure was that of Cachoeira Grande/MA (R$ 759), together with Caraúbas do Piauí/PI (R$ 788) and Mulungu do Morro/BA (R$ 805). The 10 municipalities with the highest average earnings from work were in the South and Southeast, with Nova Lima/MG (R$ 6,929), São Caetano do Sul/SP (6,167) and Santana de Parnaíba/SP (R$ 6,081) as the main highlights.

More than one third of workers in Brazil earn a minimum wage or less

Earnings from work is one of the main indicators of the quality of individuals' participation in the main job. In 2022, whereas 35.3% of workers in the country earned a minimum wage (R$ 1,212) or less, only 7.6% of them earned more than five minimum wages.

In 2022, monthly earnings from work of men (R$ 3,115) surpassed by 24.3% that of women (R$ 2,506). The analysis by color or race presents higher results for Asians (R$ 5,942) and white persons (R$ 3,659), situated above the national average (R$ 2,851). These were followed by brown (R$2,186), black (R$ 2,061) and  indigenous (R$ 1,683) persons. 

Census shows that income inequalities by color or race remain 

In 2022, for any level of schooling analyzed, employed men had monthly earnings from work above those of employed women. The biggest difference was in complete higher education: R$ 7,347 for male workers and R$ 4,591 for female workers. 

Considering the five groups of color or race analyzed by the 2022 Census, employed persons self-identified as Asians, followed by white ones, had the highest average monthly earnings from work in all levels of schooling. The biggest discrepancy tooki place at higher education level: Asians (R$ 8,411), white (R$ 6,547), brown (R$ 4,559), black (R$ 4,175), indigenous (R$ 3,799) persons.

Querência (MT) has the biggest share of earnings in household income: 93.7%

Income from all sources is formed by earnings from work and also from other sources, which includes retirement pensions, benefits from government social programs, rent, leasing and other sources. In 2022, about 75.5% of total monthly earnings in the country came from all activities, whereas other sources produced the remaining 24.5%.

The ten municipalities with the highest shares in earnings in the composition of household income were in the Central West, with Querência (93.7%), Sapezal (93.5%) and Primavera do Leste (92.9%) as highlights. The 10 municipalities with the lowest shares were in the Northeast, being the main ones Vera Mendes/PI (23.0%), Jurema/PI (24.8%) and Venha-Ver/RN (24.8%), where less than ¼ of household earnings was labor-generated. 

Nova Lima (MG) has the highest per capita earnings and Uiramitã (RR), the lowest

In 2022, the monthly per capita household income of the population was R$1,638. The three states with the highest values ​​for this indicator were the Federal District (R$2,999), Santa Catarina (R$2,220), and São Paulo (R$2,093). The lowest figures ​​were found in Maranhão (R$900), Amazonas (R$980), and Pará (R$994).

In 2022, the ten municipalities with the highest monthly per capita household income were in the Southeast and South of the country, notably Nova Lima, Minas Gerais (R$4,300), São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo (R$3,885), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina (R$3,636), Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina (R$3,584), and Niterói, Rio de Janeiro (R$3,577). On the other hand, the 10 municipalities with the lowest values ​​for this indicator were in the North and Northeast, with emphasis on Uiramutã/RR (R$ 289), Bagre/PA and Manari/PE (both with R$ 359), Belágua/MA (R$ 388) and Cachoeira Grande/MA (R$ 389).

Asian population has the highest per capita household earnings and Indigenous population, the lowest

The monthly per capita household earnings ​​for the Asian (R$3,520) and white (R$2,207) populations are well above those found for the black (R$1,198), brown (R$1,190), and Indigenous (R$669) populations.

The disaggregation of this indicator, considering color or race and sex, shows striking differences: per capita household earnings of a men identified as Asian (R$ 3,649) is equivalent to more than five times that of a women identified as indigenous (R$ 665).

13.3% of the Brazilian population had per capita household earnings of up to ¼ of the minimum wage

Considering the distribution of the population by classes of earnings in minimum wages, 13.3% of the Brazilian population had per capita monthly earnings of up to ¼ a minimum wage, in 2022. This participation was higher in the North (23.3%) and in the Northeast Region (22.4%) and lower in the South (5.4%), Central West (8.1%) and Southeast (9.1%). 

All the Federation Units with percentages above the Brazilian average (13.3%) were in the North and Northeast, with Amazonas (28.4%), Maranhão (26.6%), and Roraima (25.5%) standing out. The lowest percentages were found in the South: Santa Catarina (3.8%), Paraná (5.7%), and Rio Grande do Sul (6.1%).

When broken down by color or race, the proportion of people with per capita monthly household earnings of up to ¼ minimum wage is lower among Asian (6.6%) and white (8.7%) persons and higher among black (14.9%), brown (17.0%) and, mainly, indigenous (41.0%) ones.

Mais about the survey

This 2022 Census release presents statistics on the labor market and income of the Brazilian population, as well as a section dedicated to income from all sources, which is the sum of earnings from all jobs plus retirement, pensions, government social program benefits, rents and leasing, among others. 

Income inequality and distribution indicators were calculated, such as the Gini index, the distribution of the wage bill, and the share of earnings in total household income.